Let me not to condemn the reading, I often hurt the theme of death, the important issue of practical concern for all, but people are trying to dissociate itself from this irreversible process, after the affairs of forgetting about the impermanence of all things! I always wondered and looked like people many years ago, we changed over the past century, and this question helps to answer ancient tradition, the establishment of the death mask.
BERNARDO Siena
Born on September 8, 1380 in Massa Marittima, in the year of death of Catherine of Siena, died on the same May 20, 1444 during the Apostolic visit to the Franciscan monastery of L'Aquila in Abruzzi.
In 1402 Bernardino, who came from an old noble family Albitsechchi, joined the Franciscans. In the first half of the Quattrocento
He became known as an outstanding preacher. His Latin sermons have become a model of church rhetoric. He created coat of arms of Jesus «IHS» was later used the Jesuit Order.
On the solemnity of the funeral Bernardino, who was later canonized by Pope Nicholas V in 1450, can be judged from the descriptions of his contemporaries. In connection with this post is particularly interesting that the body Bernardino before the funeral was billed at the Cathedral of L'Aquila on May 26. Since this month in southern Italy quite hot, probably instead of the body of the deceased in the cathedral was put his posthumous bust. This message explains the origin of the wax death mask, a previous Bernardino, subsequently transferred from the monastery of L'Aquila, in which the Holy spent his last days in the provincial museum.
This mask also served as a model for work on the statues of saints, as exemplified by the terracotta statue of Niccolo del Arca (about 1450), housed in a Roman private collection Ruggiero Schiff Georgina. (Von Chledowsky C. Ciena. Berlin. 1923, Bd. II, S.108f. Kirchstein M. Siena. München, 1923, S.456. Misciatelli P. La Maschera di S. Bernardino da Siena. Rassegna d `Arte Senese Anno XVIII. 1925, Fascicolo I-II). Photo donated to the author the museum's director at L'Aquila Baron JB Manieri.
In 1402 Bernardino, who came from an old noble family Albitsechchi, joined the Franciscans. In the first half of the Quattrocento
He became known as an outstanding preacher. His Latin sermons have become a model of church rhetoric. He created coat of arms of Jesus «IHS» was later used the Jesuit Order.
On the solemnity of the funeral Bernardino, who was later canonized by Pope Nicholas V in 1450, can be judged from the descriptions of his contemporaries. In connection with this post is particularly interesting that the body Bernardino before the funeral was billed at the Cathedral of L'Aquila on May 26. Since this month in southern Italy quite hot, probably instead of the body of the deceased in the cathedral was put his posthumous bust. This message explains the origin of the wax death mask, a previous Bernardino, subsequently transferred from the monastery of L'Aquila, in which the Holy spent his last days in the provincial museum.
This mask also served as a model for work on the statues of saints, as exemplified by the terracotta statue of Niccolo del Arca (about 1450), housed in a Roman private collection Ruggiero Schiff Georgina. (Von Chledowsky C. Ciena. Berlin. 1923, Bd. II, S.108f. Kirchstein M. Siena. München, 1923, S.456. Misciatelli P. La Maschera di S. Bernardino da Siena. Rassegna d `Arte Senese Anno XVIII. 1925, Fascicolo I-II). Photo donated to the author the museum's director at L'Aquila Baron JB Manieri.
PHILIP BRUNNILESKO
Outstanding architect of the early Renaissance, the creator of the dome of the cathedral in Florence. Brunnilesko was born in Florence in 1377 and also died April 15, 1446
The architect had so much outstanding talent that our compatriots have honored his funeral in the cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore and ordered a splendid marble tomb, which fulfilled his pupil and successor, sculptor Cavalcanti. Andrea Latstsano Cavalcanti (1412 - 1462) was born in the town Budzhiano. In 1447 he set a limit on the wall of the right of the cathedral tomb with the famous relief portrait of his great adoptive father. This relief was made on the death mask, also made by Cavalcanti. In this case the mask has played the role of means available to the sculptor. The original mask is in the museum of the cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore. (Vasari G. Le Vita etc. Ed. Gugliemo della Valle siena, 1791. Bd. III, S. 129f. - The mask is not mentioned; von Fabriczy C. Filippo Brunelleschi, Stuttgart, 1892, S 308/09, 404; Thieme & Becker. Allg. Lexicon der bildenden Künstler, Leipzig, 1912, Bd. VI, S.213)
The architect had so much outstanding talent that our compatriots have honored his funeral in the cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore and ordered a splendid marble tomb, which fulfilled his pupil and successor, sculptor Cavalcanti. Andrea Latstsano Cavalcanti (1412 - 1462) was born in the town Budzhiano. In 1447 he set a limit on the wall of the right of the cathedral tomb with the famous relief portrait of his great adoptive father. This relief was made on the death mask, also made by Cavalcanti. In this case the mask has played the role of means available to the sculptor. The original mask is in the museum of the cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore. (Vasari G. Le Vita etc. Ed. Gugliemo della Valle siena, 1791. Bd. III, S. 129f. - The mask is not mentioned; von Fabriczy C. Filippo Brunelleschi, Stuttgart, 1892, S 308/09, 404; Thieme & Becker. Allg. Lexicon der bildenden Künstler, Leipzig, 1912, Bd. VI, S.213)
Lorenzo de 'Medici MAGNIFICENT
"Nature has endowed him with power, but not beauty. Growth was above average, massive physique, broad shoulders and tightly tailored. His features were not attractive, her face pale and ugly, upturned nose, chin pointed. He was deaf and talked so loudly. " (Von Reumont A. Lorenzo de `Medici. Leipzig, 1874, Bd. I, S.197, based on the characteristics given in the book Fabronio A. Laurentii Medicis Magifici Vita. Pisis, 1784). Goethe in which he wrote the biography of Benvenuto Cellini, Lorenzo called "civil character", emphasizing the main feature of this personality. Concentrated in its hands all power, Lorenzo used it for something to keep the peace and tranquility in Italy. How great was his love for poetry, art and science, so great was the aversion to the rough soldiery and war.
Information, and the last days and death of Lorenzo contained in the report of Angelo Poliziano, who was an eyewitness to these events. It is known that in the first days of April 1492 Lorenzo died at the Courage Villa near Florence, where his body was transported to the monastery of St. Mark and buried in the tomb, located in the sacristy of San Lorenzo. However, nowhere is there even a mention of the fact that the deceased was shot death mask. (Fabronio A. oc Bd. I, S.199f; von Reumont A. Bd. II, S.661).
Thus, this mask is not used as a posthumous portrait for the funeral, despite the fact that Lawrence wore a princely title. I am sure that this mask has become a model and a model for later porter images. This is confirmed by a terracotta bust of Lorenzo the Magnificent from the collection of the Oxford Museum of Fortnum Eshmolen, MT company which no doubt benefit from this death mask. Mask itself stored in Florence. (Trapesnikoff T. Die Porträtdaestellung der Madiceer des 15. Jahrhunderts. Straßburg, 1909, S. 51f).
"Nature has endowed him with power, but not beauty. Growth was above average, massive physique, broad shoulders and tightly tailored. His features were not attractive, her face pale and ugly, upturned nose, chin pointed. He was deaf and talked so loudly. " (Von Reumont A. Lorenzo de `Medici. Leipzig, 1874, Bd. I, S.197, based on the characteristics given in the book Fabronio A. Laurentii Medicis Magifici Vita. Pisis, 1784). Goethe in which he wrote the biography of Benvenuto Cellini, Lorenzo called "civil character", emphasizing the main feature of this personality. Concentrated in its hands all power, Lorenzo used it for something to keep the peace and tranquility in Italy. How great was his love for poetry, art and science, so great was the aversion to the rough soldiery and war.
Information, and the last days and death of Lorenzo contained in the report of Angelo Poliziano, who was an eyewitness to these events. It is known that in the first days of April 1492 Lorenzo died at the Courage Villa near Florence, where his body was transported to the monastery of St. Mark and buried in the tomb, located in the sacristy of San Lorenzo. However, nowhere is there even a mention of the fact that the deceased was shot death mask. (Fabronio A. oc Bd. I, S.199f; von Reumont A. Bd. II, S.661).
Thus, this mask is not used as a posthumous portrait for the funeral, despite the fact that Lawrence wore a princely title. I am sure that this mask has become a model and a model for later porter images. This is confirmed by a terracotta bust of Lorenzo the Magnificent from the collection of the Oxford Museum of Fortnum Eshmolen, MT company which no doubt benefit from this death mask. Mask itself stored in Florence. (Trapesnikoff T. Die Porträtdaestellung der Madiceer des 15. Jahrhunderts. Straßburg, 1909, S. 51f).
Henry IV FRENCH
Death mask of wax is in the library of Saint Genevieve in Paris. This mask was made in the anxious days of summer in 1793 with the revolutionary mob ejected from the tomb in Saint-Denis, a body long dead monarch. This gives an indication of how the body wrinkling and dries out after embalming. Posthumous bust of Dupre and withdrawn immediately after the death of King mask indicate that the life of Henry IV was a more comprehensive and broad in the face. The original death mask of Henry IV as well as all the death masks and busts of the French kings except taken from Henry II had been destroyed during the Revolution. Photo Zhirodon, Paris.
Death mask of wax is in the library of Saint Genevieve in Paris. This mask was made in the anxious days of summer in 1793 with the revolutionary mob ejected from the tomb in Saint-Denis, a body long dead monarch. This gives an indication of how the body wrinkling and dries out after embalming. Posthumous bust of Dupre and withdrawn immediately after the death of King mask indicate that the life of Henry IV was a more comprehensive and broad in the face. The original death mask of Henry IV as well as all the death masks and busts of the French kings except taken from Henry II had been destroyed during the Revolution. Photo Zhirodon, Paris.
Oliver Cromwell
Made of wax death mask found in the Department of British and antiquities of the British Museum. The second is not completely identical copy of plaster kept in London's National Portrait Gallery. The third cast, and plaster, is located in the famous meeting of death masks in the library Prinstonovskogo University, New York, and once belonged to Lawrence Hutton. The origin of the latter tradition raises directly to the family of Cromwell. Son of Lord Protector, Richard Cromwell ( 1712) bequeathed it to his daughter Elizabeth, who gave a relic his nephews Richard and Thomas. After the death of Thomas was a mask of his three daughters, Anna, Elizabeth and Lucretia. In 1802 she became the property of Oliver Cromwell, Jr. (1742 - 1821.) Bequeathed it to his daughter Elizabeth, Olivia, who in 1801 married Thomas Artemidora Russell. In 1859, Russell sold the mask to America. (Hutton L. A Collection of Dead-masks. Harpers New Monthly Magazine. New York, 1892 November, P. 904-906).
Also of interest is the fate of themselves and the remains of Oliver Cromwell. After restoring the Stuart dynasty to the throne in the person of Charles II to address the House of Commons, British Parliament, 30 January 1661 after ROSNO 12 years after the execution of King Charles I, Cromwell's body and his associates Ayrton and Bradshaw were recovered from the graves moved to the area in Old London where they were hung in shrouds at a specially arranged scaffold. The next day the bodies were beheaded and buried under the gallows. Head is put on public display at the teeth of Westminster Hall, where they were until the end of XVII century (Morley J. Oliver Kromwell. London, 1919, P.507f). Photos of Mrs. Fleming, London.
Made of wax death mask found in the Department of British and antiquities of the British Museum. The second is not completely identical copy of plaster kept in London's National Portrait Gallery. The third cast, and plaster, is located in the famous meeting of death masks in the library Prinstonovskogo University, New York, and once belonged to Lawrence Hutton. The origin of the latter tradition raises directly to the family of Cromwell. Son of Lord Protector, Richard Cromwell ( 1712) bequeathed it to his daughter Elizabeth, who gave a relic his nephews Richard and Thomas. After the death of Thomas was a mask of his three daughters, Anna, Elizabeth and Lucretia. In 1802 she became the property of Oliver Cromwell, Jr. (1742 - 1821.) Bequeathed it to his daughter Elizabeth, Olivia, who in 1801 married Thomas Artemidora Russell. In 1859, Russell sold the mask to America. (Hutton L. A Collection of Dead-masks. Harpers New Monthly Magazine. New York, 1892 November, P. 904-906).
Also of interest is the fate of themselves and the remains of Oliver Cromwell. After restoring the Stuart dynasty to the throne in the person of Charles II to address the House of Commons, British Parliament, 30 January 1661 after ROSNO 12 years after the execution of King Charles I, Cromwell's body and his associates Ayrton and Bradshaw were recovered from the graves moved to the area in Old London where they were hung in shrouds at a specially arranged scaffold. The next day the bodies were beheaded and buried under the gallows. Head is put on public display at the teeth of Westminster Hall, where they were until the end of XVII century (Morley J. Oliver Kromwell. London, 1919, P.507f). Photos of Mrs. Fleming, London.
Blaise Pascal
Blaise Pascal was born June 19, 1623 in Clermont, and died August 19, 1662 in Paris. Death mask of the great French philosopher and mathematician stored in the library of the Society of Friends of Port-Royal, Rue Saint-Jacques, Paris. An impression of her is in the library St. Genevieve. This mask served as a model for the artist Quesnel when creating a portrait of Pascal. (Photo Zhirodon, Paris.)
Blaise Pascal was born June 19, 1623 in Clermont, and died August 19, 1662 in Paris. Death mask of the great French philosopher and mathematician stored in the library of the Society of Friends of Port-Royal, Rue Saint-Jacques, Paris. An impression of her is in the library St. Genevieve. This mask served as a model for the artist Quesnel when creating a portrait of Pascal. (Photo Zhirodon, Paris.)
Charles XII SWEDISH
Born June 27, 1682 in Stockholm. At age 15, became king and May 8, 1700 left his capital, to command the troops during the Northern War. In a fairly young age, he defeated his main opponents, the Danes, Peter the Great and Augustus the Strong, was crowned the Polish crown, which enabled him in 1704 - 1707 years. unchallenged rule in Northern Europe. However, the tendency to fantasize and charismatic nature prompted him to make war against Russia, where his army suffered a crushing defeat at Poltava. This led to the end of an era of domination of Sweden and the birth of Russia as a great power.
However, this did not alter the character of the king himself. After 5 years of exile and captivity in Turkey and he ran for only 16 days, breaking Hungary and Germany, 21 November 1714 reached the Swedish garrison in Stralsund. Soon, the garrison was besieged, but Charles XII was able to get out of the fortress, defeating opponents in Sweden and start a war against the Danes in Norway. 11 December 1718 the King was gunned down during an inspection of siege works at the Norwegian fortress Frederikshald. Voltaire wrote about Karl XII: «Almost all of his activities until his personal life was extremely far from the real world. He possessed in abundance all the virtues inherent in the characters that are not less dangerous than the presence of defects. People rather unique than just a great, more admirable than the imitation. "
From headquarters in King Tishtedaleme body was transported to the Swedish city of Uddevalla, where he was embalmed and put up for the funeral. Here on Dec. 13 was made death mask of Charles XII. However, there is evidence dating back to 1823, that the mask was removed the very day the King's death at 4 hours after his death. Burial of Charles XII took place on Feb. 26, 1719 in Stockholm. He was buried in Ritersholkirhe in a sarcophagus of black marble, gilt lion's skin.
There are many casts of the death mask of King. Apparently, the original is the mask, which is stored in a military society in Stockholm. Photographs included in this book, made with the mask, located in the Department of British and antiquities of the British Museum. Earlier this mask in the collection of Henry Christy, who received her inheritance from the Swedish sculptor Baeshtorma. On this cast, on the right temple is clearly visible clearly visible to the inlet of a bullet, which was a cause of death of the king. Regarding facial calmly superfluous to recall that Charles did not belong to the dynasty vase, and came from a home-Palatinate Tsveybryukken. Already Voltaire, author, and today has not lost its relevance "History of Charles XII», noticed that the face of King produced a bad impression on others. (Karl XII was a cruel and despotic ruler). The third copy of the mask has been stored previously in the library at Cambridge University, is now in the Museum's collection Fitsvilyam. (Voltaire. Histoire de Charles XII, Oeuvres de Voltaire. Gotha, 1785, Bd. 1923; Nordberg GA Leben Karls XII übersetzt von IH Heubel. Hamburg, 1745 - 1751, Bd. II, S. 750f; Fryxell A. Lebensbeschreibung Karls XII , frei übertragen von GF von Jensen-Tusch und L. Rohrdantz. Branschweig, 1861, Teil V, S. 239f; von Schweden O. Karl XII. Berlin, 1875; Hutton L. A Collection of Dead-masks. Harpers New Monthly Magazine . New York, 1892 November, P.907). Shortly after the death of Charles XII, rumors spread that he was the victim of a planned assassination attempt. August 31, 1859 by order of King Charles XV Charles XII of the sarcophagus was opened and conducted medical research body once and for all refuted the rumors. The protocol of this study is contained in the last volume book Frikselya on page 294 - 301. (Photo by Mrs. Fleming, London).
Born June 27, 1682 in Stockholm. At age 15, became king and May 8, 1700 left his capital, to command the troops during the Northern War. In a fairly young age, he defeated his main opponents, the Danes, Peter the Great and Augustus the Strong, was crowned the Polish crown, which enabled him in 1704 - 1707 years. unchallenged rule in Northern Europe. However, the tendency to fantasize and charismatic nature prompted him to make war against Russia, where his army suffered a crushing defeat at Poltava. This led to the end of an era of domination of Sweden and the birth of Russia as a great power.
However, this did not alter the character of the king himself. After 5 years of exile and captivity in Turkey and he ran for only 16 days, breaking Hungary and Germany, 21 November 1714 reached the Swedish garrison in Stralsund. Soon, the garrison was besieged, but Charles XII was able to get out of the fortress, defeating opponents in Sweden and start a war against the Danes in Norway. 11 December 1718 the King was gunned down during an inspection of siege works at the Norwegian fortress Frederikshald. Voltaire wrote about Karl XII: «Almost all of his activities until his personal life was extremely far from the real world. He possessed in abundance all the virtues inherent in the characters that are not less dangerous than the presence of defects. People rather unique than just a great, more admirable than the imitation. "
From headquarters in King Tishtedaleme body was transported to the Swedish city of Uddevalla, where he was embalmed and put up for the funeral. Here on Dec. 13 was made death mask of Charles XII. However, there is evidence dating back to 1823, that the mask was removed the very day the King's death at 4 hours after his death. Burial of Charles XII took place on Feb. 26, 1719 in Stockholm. He was buried in Ritersholkirhe in a sarcophagus of black marble, gilt lion's skin.
There are many casts of the death mask of King. Apparently, the original is the mask, which is stored in a military society in Stockholm. Photographs included in this book, made with the mask, located in the Department of British and antiquities of the British Museum. Earlier this mask in the collection of Henry Christy, who received her inheritance from the Swedish sculptor Baeshtorma. On this cast, on the right temple is clearly visible clearly visible to the inlet of a bullet, which was a cause of death of the king. Regarding facial calmly superfluous to recall that Charles did not belong to the dynasty vase, and came from a home-Palatinate Tsveybryukken. Already Voltaire, author, and today has not lost its relevance "History of Charles XII», noticed that the face of King produced a bad impression on others. (Karl XII was a cruel and despotic ruler). The third copy of the mask has been stored previously in the library at Cambridge University, is now in the Museum's collection Fitsvilyam. (Voltaire. Histoire de Charles XII, Oeuvres de Voltaire. Gotha, 1785, Bd. 1923; Nordberg GA Leben Karls XII übersetzt von IH Heubel. Hamburg, 1745 - 1751, Bd. II, S. 750f; Fryxell A. Lebensbeschreibung Karls XII , frei übertragen von GF von Jensen-Tusch und L. Rohrdantz. Branschweig, 1861, Teil V, S. 239f; von Schweden O. Karl XII. Berlin, 1875; Hutton L. A Collection of Dead-masks. Harpers New Monthly Magazine . New York, 1892 November, P.907). Shortly after the death of Charles XII, rumors spread that he was the victim of a planned assassination attempt. August 31, 1859 by order of King Charles XV Charles XII of the sarcophagus was opened and conducted medical research body once and for all refuted the rumors. The protocol of this study is contained in the last volume book Frikselya on page 294 - 301. (Photo by Mrs. Fleming, London).
PERTH I the Great
The third son of Tsar Alexis Romanov was born on June 9, 1672 at age 17, he overthrew the throne of his co-ruler and his sister Sophia and began to rule at that time completely barbaric and Asian nations. But after the death of Perth to his heirs got converted to Western-style power whose borders stretched from Poland to China and from Sweden to Turkey, and the population became acquainted with European science, culture and military affairs. Perth Great made his empire into a powerful factor that has a significant influence on politics in Europe. Its creative potential, creative power and political will are undoubtedly the hallmarks of a great genius, which is unique in world history. He was also the Oriental despotism, an ardent patriot, and possessed a powerful will, which helped to translate his designs into reality.
It is interesting to note physiognomic differences between Charles XII and Peter the Great, which help to explain why the latter won in the long-term struggle.
Death mask, cast in bronze with clear lost original, previously stored in the gallery Pera Great at the Hermitage, and is now in the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences (former Kunstkammer).
Now very difficult to establish whether the mask was used as a portrait of Peter the Great during the mourning ceremony of farewell. Nevertheless, it is known that the Russian court was adapted European ceremonial funeral royals. But it is unknown whether exhibited in the memorial hall, and then in the cathedral of Perth and Paul himself dead, as became the custom in France since Louis XIV, or on the Prussian model for the funeral instead of the body in the coffin of the king placed a doll with a posthumous portrait, replaced by a person. In the latter case, it becomes clear appearance of the death mask. Mate, this question can only be obtained after studying the Russian sources. (Voltaire. Oeuvres completes. Gotha, 1785, Bd. 1924; Description des Funnerailles de feu l `empereue Nicolas Ier. St .- Petersbourg, 1856, S.30-57; Segur. Histoire de Russie et de Pierre le Grand. Paris , 1829).
The third son of Tsar Alexis Romanov was born on June 9, 1672 at age 17, he overthrew the throne of his co-ruler and his sister Sophia and began to rule at that time completely barbaric and Asian nations. But after the death of Perth to his heirs got converted to Western-style power whose borders stretched from Poland to China and from Sweden to Turkey, and the population became acquainted with European science, culture and military affairs. Perth Great made his empire into a powerful factor that has a significant influence on politics in Europe. Its creative potential, creative power and political will are undoubtedly the hallmarks of a great genius, which is unique in world history. He was also the Oriental despotism, an ardent patriot, and possessed a powerful will, which helped to translate his designs into reality.
It is interesting to note physiognomic differences between Charles XII and Peter the Great, which help to explain why the latter won in the long-term struggle.
Death mask, cast in bronze with clear lost original, previously stored in the gallery Pera Great at the Hermitage, and is now in the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences (former Kunstkammer).
Now very difficult to establish whether the mask was used as a portrait of Peter the Great during the mourning ceremony of farewell. Nevertheless, it is known that the Russian court was adapted European ceremonial funeral royals. But it is unknown whether exhibited in the memorial hall, and then in the cathedral of Perth and Paul himself dead, as became the custom in France since Louis XIV, or on the Prussian model for the funeral instead of the body in the coffin of the king placed a doll with a posthumous portrait, replaced by a person. In the latter case, it becomes clear appearance of the death mask. Mate, this question can only be obtained after studying the Russian sources. (Voltaire. Oeuvres completes. Gotha, 1785, Bd. 1924; Description des Funnerailles de feu l `empereue Nicolas Ier. St .- Petersbourg, 1856, S.30-57; Segur. Histoire de Russie et de Pierre le Grand. Paris , 1829).
ISAAC NEWTON
The man who created and sound natural science worldview of modern humanity. He brought us out of the fog of hypothetical speculation, and gave a clear picture of the world, based on experience and mathematical calculations. As a scientist, Newton showed great courage in defending their beliefs, as well as a politician and MP for Cambridge, actively participated in the overthrow of the Stuart dynasty.
Newton was born in Vulstrope (Lincoln) 25 December 1642, the year Galileo died. His scientific activity to occur predominantly at Cambridge University and in educated circles of the Royal Society, whose president he was elected in 1703 and remained until his death on March 31, 1727
Newton's death mask death Rubilyaka moved to one of London art dealer from whom it purchased in 1839 for his organizing secretary of the Royal Society Hunter Christie, the disposal of which she found to this day. There is a replica of this mask, which is stored in the collection of Hutton in the library Prinstonovskogo University. Reproduction of this book is done with a mask, based in London's Royal Society. (Huggins W. The Royal Society London. 1906, S.14, 129). Photo Millar and Harris, London.
The man who created and sound natural science worldview of modern humanity. He brought us out of the fog of hypothetical speculation, and gave a clear picture of the world, based on experience and mathematical calculations. As a scientist, Newton showed great courage in defending their beliefs, as well as a politician and MP for Cambridge, actively participated in the overthrow of the Stuart dynasty.
Newton was born in Vulstrope (Lincoln) 25 December 1642, the year Galileo died. His scientific activity to occur predominantly at Cambridge University and in educated circles of the Royal Society, whose president he was elected in 1703 and remained until his death on March 31, 1727
Newton's death mask death Rubilyaka moved to one of London art dealer from whom it purchased in 1839 for his organizing secretary of the Royal Society Hunter Christie, the disposal of which she found to this day. There is a replica of this mask, which is stored in the collection of Hutton in the library Prinstonovskogo University. Reproduction of this book is done with a mask, based in London's Royal Society. (Huggins W. The Royal Society London. 1906, S.14, 129). Photo Millar and Harris, London.
